Topic Modeling with MALLET
Topic | Key Words |
---|---|
Populism | government situation number country long interests large spirit support experience weight establishment america resources extensive political doubt safety individuals human |
Government | legislative executive case body propriety period improper judges apt negative magistrate good give exercise proceed bad eligible defense provision receive |
Legislative | rights expense bill liberty persons representatives congress constitution press bills clause additional section business information distance number extra declaration granted |
Military | peace military time establishments army armies standing force garrisons troops keeping views provision find confidence man popular happened view formidable |
Taxation | duties clause imports tax taxes exports exclusive article authorities lay laid taxation case section exercise sovereignty restriction declares concurrent repugnancy |
Executive | president governor king britain office york magistrate appointment chief officers single united executive punishment power treason impeachment treaties liable actual |
Judicial | cases jury trial courts jurisdiction law court mode state equity plan proper case admiralty cognizance juries judiciary judicial convention criminal |
This graph shows the frequency of the MALLET generated topic that we have associated with Populist views throughout each Federalist Paper that we examined. The key words that make up this topic are: government, situation, number, country, long, interests, large, spirit, support, experience, weight, establishment, america, resources, extensive, political, doubt, safety, individuals, and human.
Each bar on the graph represents the the frequency in the given paper that words from this specific topic appear together. You will see that this topic, populism, is seen much more frequently in some papers than others, such as Federalist Papers 11 and 12, which both show a topic relevance of almost 20%, which is pretty significant. Given that 11 and 12 dealt with the military and revenue, it is interesting that Hamilton's rhetoric and writing was reflecting populist / commonly held ideas. However, looking at 67, which deals with the executive, there is a low topic relevance. This makes sense because the working class did not want a single figure with large amounts of power, because it reflected too much of the British Crown. Looking at all the papers, there is a consistent reference to populist ideas, which implies that Hamilton did support some of the public's views on certain issues depending on the topic. He certainly supported theirs relating to military matters, since he was an officer in the Revolution and wanted a strong military / navy.
This graph shows the frequency of the MALLET generated topic that we have associated with government throughout each Federalist Paper that we examined. The key words that make up this topic are: legislative, executive, case, body, propriety, period, improper, judges, apt, negative, magistrate, good, give, exercise, proceed, bad, eligible, defense, provision, and receive.
Each bar on the graph represents the the frequency in the given paper that words from this specific topic appear together. You will see that this topic, government, is seen much more frequently in some papers than others, such as Federalist Paper 73, which shows a topic relevance of over 40%, which is extremely significant. The data aligns with the content of the Federalist Papers. Even though it seems that government is too broad and that everything could be under the topic "government", some papers concerned the actual composition of government, which is what his reflects. Papers 73, 74, and 79, dealt with the powers of the executive and judicial branches. This also shows why other papers did not show such high figures. For example, 83, which concerned the right to a trial by jury. Although this involves the judicial branch, the content dealt more with the right itself, and its powers on society. So, context and content of the papers is also something that we considered when completing our markup.
This graph shows the frequency of the MALLET generated topic that we have associated with legislature throughout each Federalist Paper that we examined. The key words that make up this topic are: rights, expense, bill, liberty, persons, representatives, congress, constitution, press, bills, clause, additional, section, business, information, distance, number, extra, declaration, and granted.
Each bar on the graph represents the the frequency in the given paper that words from this specific topic appear together. You will see that this topic, legislature, is seen much more frequently in some papers than others, such as Federalist Paper 84, which shows a topic relevance of over 30%, which is pretty significant. This graph and the topics that comprised it show a clear correlation to the content of the Federalist Papers. Paper 84 is well-known as being controversial because Hamilton states that he does not believe that a Bill of Rights should be granted to citizens. This is certainly not a populist idea, but the rhetoric of 84 involves much of the legislative branch, since it would be responsible for formulating and passing the Bill of Rights.
This graph shows the frequency of the MALLET generated topic that we have associated with military throughout each Federalist Paper that we examined. The key words that make up this topic are: peace, military, time, establishments, army, armies, standing, force, garrisons, troops, keeping, views, provision, find, confidence, man, popular, happened, view, and formidable.
Each bar on the graph represents the the frequency in the given paper that words from this specific topic appear together. You will see that this topic, military, is seen much more frequently in some papers than others, such as Federalist Papers 24 and 26, which show topic relevances of just over 40% and just under 30%, respectively, which are both considered to be pretty significant.
The graph shows the accuracy of the topic modeling. Papers 24, 26, and 29 all concentrated on the military and its role in government. It is clear that the topic key words resemble aspects of the military. For instance, "peace" is certainly relevant since the period Hamilton wrote the Federalist Papers in, which was shortly after the Revolutionary War. While the US was vulnerable, they wanted to keep at peace with other countries, especially Britian, for they were still trying to compose their government strucutres.
This graph shows the frequency of the MALLET generated topic that we have associated with taxation throughout each Federalist Paper that we examined. The key words that make up this topic are: duties, clause, imports, tax, taxes, exports, exclusive, article, authorities, lay, laid, taxation, case, section, exercise, sovereignty, restriction, declares, concurrent, and repugnancy.
Each bar on the graph represents the the frequency in the given paper that words from this specific topic appear together. You will see that this topic, taxation, is seen much more frequently in some papers than others, such as Federalist Paper 32, which shows a topic relevance of almost 60%, which is extremely significant. Looking at the key words, they are commonly used to describe the economy and taxation. Papers 30 - 32 dealt with these topics. It is logical to not see any relevance to these key words in the later papers, for instance 69 - 85, since they primarily concern the executive and judicial branches and their powers / responsibilities.
However, it is interesting to see key words like "repugnancy", "sovereignty", and "restriction". These words when considering taxation all contain negative connotations. Hamilton vocally believed that taxation was a necessity for governments to exert power and order. So, it would be interesting to see whether these words in the context of his writing
This graph shows the frequency of the MALLET generated topic that we have associated with the Executive Branch throughout each Federalist Paper that we examined. The key words that make up this topic are: president, governor, king, britain, office, york, magistrate, appointment, chief, officers, single, united, executive, punishment, power, treason, impeachment, treaties, liable, and actual.
Each bar on the graph represents the the frequency in the given paper that words from this specific topic appear together. You will see that this topic, the Executive Branch, is seen much more frequently in some papers than others, such as Federalist Paper 69, which shows a topic relevance of over 50%, which is extremely significant.
The data implies that Hamilton really didn't mention the executive at all besides on the papers that concerned the executive branch. Although the executive is talked about more frequently and seems to be the most important issue among the public, it is not as prevalent during this time. Considering such a low topic relevance of populism in 69, the contrast with executive and having most of the statements be elitist, this makes sense. Hamilton supported a stronger executive branch with a present and authoritative leader. This significantly opposed the ideas of the people who were fed up with the British King and its dogma.
This graph shows the frequency of the MALLET generated topic that we have associated with the Judicial System throughout each Federalist Paper that we examined. The key words that make up this topic are: cases, jury, trial, courts, jurisdiction, law, court, mode, state, equity, plan, proper, case, admiralty, cognizance, juries, judiciary, judicial, convention, and criminal.
Each bar on the graph represents the the frequency in the given paper that words from this specific topic appear together. You will see that this topic, the Judiciary, is seen much more frequently in some papers than others, such as Federalist Paper 83, which both show a topic relevance of over 40%, which is pretty significant.
Looking at the graph, this only shows where the judiciary and statements regarding the judiciary, appeared. Within these papers where topic relevance was high, there was a majority of statements aligning with populist views. Hamilton's idea of the judiciary was to provide fair and equal treatment to citizens, and commanded a fair trial by jury. This was a popular view among the masses, hence aligning with more populist views. However, this does not exclude the elitist view. Many of these judiciary tags were tagged as "both", meaning they applied to the elites and the masses.